Null
C
// NULL
// In C "NULL" It is defined to 0 by default
// ------------------------------------
// Declaring nullable
// ------------------------------------
// Any pointer can have a NULL value
// For more about Pointers, check "Pointer & Reference" Section
int* myPointer = NULL;
int* myPointer = 0;
// Basic Types like int, float etc should not have null as value
// ------------------------------------
// Working with nullable types
// ------------------------------------
// Optional Chaining Operator (?)
// Not available, you need to use a condition
// Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)
// Not available, you need to use a condition
More Info:
C++ (Cpp)
// NULL
// In C++, "NULL" It is not defined by the language,
// It is defined to 0 by default
// Since C++ 11, "nullptr" is available and
// nullptr provides a typesafe pointer value representing an empty (null) pointer.
// Also, NULL is re-defined as nullptr
// However, nullptr is really a "null pointer" and always a pointer.
// If you try assigning it to integer. It will cause an error
// ------------------------------------
// Declaring nullable
// ------------------------------------
// Any pointer can have a nullptr value
// For more about Pointers, check "Pointer & Reference" Section
int* myPointer = nullptr;
int* myPointer = NULL;
int* myPointer = 0;
// Basic Types like int, float etc should not have null or nullptr as value
// ------------------------------------
// Working with nullable types
// ------------------------------------
// Optional Chaining Operator (?)
// Not available, you need to use a condition
// Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)
// Not available, you need to use a condition
More Info:
C# (Csharp)
// Since C# 8.0, its easy to work with null type.
// Option 1
// Open the Project File (.csproj) and change the <Nullable> property to "enable"
// <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
// Option 2
// Use the macro/directive "nullable" inside the file (For each file you want it changed)
// Everything bellow the macro/directive will be affected, you can write at the
// top of the file to affect all of it, or somewhere in the middle and so on
// Enable nullable
#nullable enable
// Disable nullable
#nullable disable
// Disable only warnings (there are other options aswell)
#nullable disable warnings
// ------------------------------------
// Declaring nullable
// ------------------------------------
// Example from Official Announcement
public class Person
{
public string FirstName { get; set; } // Can not be null
public string? MiddleName { get; set; } // The "?" indicates that property can receive value null
public string LastName { get; set; }
public Person(string first, string last)
{
this.FirstName = first;
this.MiddleName = null; // Since its a "string?" (with a ?) it can be null
this.LastName = last;
}
// ...
}
// ------------------------------------
// Working with nullable types
// ------------------------------------
// Optional Chaining Operator (?)
string dogName = adventurer.dog?.name; // Dog property can be null
string customerCity = customer.details?.address?.city;
// Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)
int middleNameLength = personInstance.MiddleName?.Length ?? 0;
// The code above is equivalent to:
/*
if (personInstance.MiddleName is null)
{
return 0;
}
else
{
return personInstance.MiddleName.Length;
}
*/
string example = null ?? "Hello"; // Hello
// If the condition before ?? is null, then the value after ?? is returned
// otherwise return the condition before ??
// More Examples
int GetMiddleNameLength(Person? person) // person can be null
{
if (person?.MiddleName is { }) { /**/ } // Easy way to check if "is not null"
// The code above is equivalente to:
// if ( ! (person?.MiddleName is null) ) { /**/ }
// Also equivalent to the above example we have
// "string.IsNullOrEmpty()"
if(string.IsNullOfEmpty(person.MiddleName)) { /**/}
// We can also create an Alias inside the if condition
// Alias Example 1
if (person?.MiddleName is { } myAlias)
{
return myAlias.Length;
}
// Alias Example 2
if (person?.MiddleName is { Length: var myLengthAlias })
{
return myLengthAlias;
}
// All together with ternary operator
return person?.MiddleName is { Length: var myLengthAlias } ? myLengthAlias : 0;
}
More Info:
Java
// TODO
Rust
// TODO
Go
// TODO
Javascript
// In javascript we have "null" and "undefined"
// All variable declared without value receive "undefined"
// In Javascript we have:
// "Optional Chaining Operator" (?)
// "Nullish Coalescing Operator" (??)
// Since ES2020
/*
Chrome (and Chromium based) 80+
Firefox 72+
Opera 67+
Safari 13.1+
Node.js 14.0.0+
*/
// ------------------------------------
// Declaring nullable
// ------------------------------------
// Since Javascript doesnt have types, you dont need special declaration
// ------------------------------------
// Working with nullable types
// ------------------------------------
// Optional Chaining Operator (?)
const dogName = adventurer.dog?.name; // if dog is null, it returns "undefined"
let nestedProp = obj?.['prop' + 'Name'];
let arrayItem = arr?.[42];
let customerCity = customer.details?.address?.city
// Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)
const example = null ?? "Hello"; // Hello
const example = undefined ?? "Hi"; // Hi
const example = 0 ?? "Hello"; // 0
const example = false ?? "Hi"; // false
// If the condition before ?? is null, then the value after ?? is returned
// otherwise return the condition before ??
// If you want to dismiss falsy values, you can use the logical or operator (||).
// Null coalescing operator skips: "null", "undefined"
// Logical or operator skips: "null", "undefined", "false"
const example = false || "Hi"; // Hi
// More Example
const customerCity = customer?.city ?? "Unknown city";
const example = null ?? undefined ?? false ?? "Hello"; // false
const example = (null ?? undefined ?? false) || "Hello"; // Hello
More Info:
- https://scotch.io/tutorials/javascripts-null-coalescing-operator
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Nullish_coalescing_operator
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Optional_chaining
- https://dmitripavlutin.com/javascript-optional-chaining/
Typescript
// Since Typescript 3.7 we have:
// "Optional Chaining Operator" (?)
// "Nullish Coalescing Operator" (??)
// ------------------------------------
// Declaring nullable
// ------------------------------------
// TODO
// ------------------------------------
// Working with nullable types
// ------------------------------------
// Optional Chaining Operator (?)
const dogName = adventurer.dog?.name; // if dog is null, it returns "undefined"
let nestedProp = obj?.['prop' + 'Name'];
let arrayItem = arr?.[42];
let customerCity = customer.details?.address?.city
function myFunction(myVariable?: string) => void //
// Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)
const example = null ?? "Hello"; // Hello
const example = undefined ?? "Hi"; // Hi
const example = 0 ?? "Hello"; // 0
const example = false ?? "Hi"; // false
// If the condition before ?? is null, then the value after ?? is returned
// otherwise return the condition before ??
// If you want to dismiss falsy values, you can use the logical or operator (||).
// Null coalescing operator skips: "null", "undefined"
// Logical or operator skips: "null", "undefined", "false"
const example = false || "Hi"; // Hi
// More Example
const customerCity = customer?.city ?? "Unknown city";
const example = null ?? undefined ?? false ?? "Hello"; // false
const example = (null ?? undefined ?? false) || "Hello"; // Hello
Python
# Instead of null, Python has the "None" type
# ------------------------------------
# Declaring nullable
# ------------------------------------
# Since Python doesnt have types, you dont need special declaration
# ------------------------------------
# Working with nullable types
# ------------------------------------
# Optional Chaining Operator (?)
# Not available, you need to use a condition
# Example 1
my_variable = None
if my_variable is None:
# ...
else:
# ...
# Example 2
try:
if my_variable is None: # The variable
print('It is None')
except NameError:
print ("This variable is not defined")
else:
print ("It is defined and has a value")
# Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)
# Not available, you need to use a condition
More Info: